Hippy Movement :: essays research papers

Hippy Movement Through out history the world has seen some generations that have made an impact more than all of its predecessors. The decade from1960 to 1970 was definitely one of those eras. The people didn't follow the teachings of its elders, but rejected them for an alternative culture which was their very own(Harris 14). Made up of the younger population of the time this new culture was such a radical society that they were given their own name which is still used today. They came to be called the Hippies. The Hippie movement started in San Francisco, California and spread across the United States, through Canada, and into parts of Europe (World Book). But it had its greatest influence in America. During the 1960's a radical group called the Hippies shocked America with their alternative lifestyle and radical beliefs. Hippies came from many different places and had many different backgrounds. All Hippies were young, from the ages of 15 to 25 (Worldbook). They left their families and did it for many different reasons. Some rejected their parents' ideas, some just wanted to get away, and others simply were outcasts, who could only fit in with the Hippie population. "Under 25 became a magical age, and young people all over the world were united by this bond" (Harris 15). This bond was of Non-conformity and it was the "Creed of the Young" (Harris 15). Most Hippies came from wealthy middle class families. Some people said that they were spoiled and wasting their lives away. But to Hippies themselves this was a way of life and no one was going to get in the way of their dreams and ambitions. Hippies flocked to a certain area of San Francisco on the corner of Haight Street and Ashbury Street, where the world got their first view of this unique group. This place came to be known as the Haight Ashbury District. There were tours of the district and it was said that the tour "was the only foreign tour within the continental limits of the United States" (Stern 147). The Hippies were so different that the conservative middle class could not relate to them and saw them as aliens. The Haight Ashbury district lies in the very center of San Francisco. In the years of 1965 and 1966 the Hippies took over the Haight Ashbury district(Cavan 49). There they lived and spread their

New and Improved? : The processes of globalisation on spiritual practic

New and Improved? : The processes of globalisation on spiritual practices; illustrated by the global spread of Reiki. The processes of globalisation create an open market place for trade, but globalisation is also an exchange of cultures, of ideas and practices. Spiritual practices and rituals are one of the ways in which a culture reproduces itself and as such, is subject to hegemonic forces which act to alter the existing form. It has been said that Globalisation may be regarded as a threat to regionalized spiritual practices because there is a tendency to standardise them in an Americanised form, which is primarily Christian. One of the under explored aspects of the Internet is the cultural effects created by the exchange of spiritual ideas and practices online. As more people gain access to the World Wide Web, the diversity of spiritual information available increases exponentially. Exotic cultural practices, once only available to the privileged few who could afford to travel to exotic locations, is now available to millions of people across the globe, at the touch of a button. Gone are the days when spiritual practices are linked to a specific geographical area, with religions linked intimately to the histories and cultures of respective nations and ethnic groups. Spiritual rituals are undergoing a deterritorialisation, aided by new media. It has been suggested that the activities of individual religious groups will be increasingly characteristic of free competition on a global scale. Religion has always been a globalising phenomenon, with missionaries and pilgrims travelling to spread their version of the ‘Word’ to the unenlightened. According to Peter Beyer, â€Å"In the context of globalisation, all religions are increasingly under pressure to see themselves as universal in principle, whether historically they have or not.† Religions that have travelled across the globe have been spread, throughout history, by a network of the ‘Faithful’ leaving their home community, forming new communities as they travel, preaching and teaching their messages and rituals to their converts. Now these networks may be built and maintained electronically. As the printing press made the bible and religious texts available to the masses rather than just the clergy, so the Internet has given people the means to access spiritual information from other cultures and regions... ...pick=67 accessed 10/1/05 BEY, Hakim, The Information War, http://www.ctheory.net/text_file.asp?pick=64 accessed 10/1/05 http://www.ctheory.net/text_file.asp?pick=82 accessed 10/1/05 http://www.gseis.ucla.edu/faculty/kellner/essays/globalizationtechnopolitics.pdf accessed 10/1/05 http://www.mbay.net/~jmejia/book063.htm accessed 10/1/05 http://www.reikihealingpower.com/learn_reiki.htm accessed 10/1/05 INOUE, Nobutaka, 1997, 2001 The Information Age and the Globalization of Religion, http://www2.kokugakuin.ac.jp/ijcc/wp/global/06inoue2.html accessed 10/1/05 MILUTIS, Joe, Making the World Safe for Fashionable Philosophy! http://www.ctheory.net/text_file.asp?pick=390 accessed 10/1/05 ROBERTSON, Roland, Comments on the "Global Triad" and "Glocalization" http://www2.kokugakuin.ac.jp/ijcc/wp/global/15robertson.html accessed 9/1/05 SHIELDS, Rob, The Virtual, London and New York: Routledge, 2003, Reviewed by KELLNER, D., and Thomas, A. http://www.gseis.ucla.edu/faculty/kellner/essays/reviewthevirtual.pdf accessed 23/12/04 THIEME, Richard, Entering Sacred Digital Space: Seeking to Distinguish the Dreamer and the Dream, http://www.thiemeworks.com/ accessed 23/12/04

Psy/285 Final Week 9

PSY/285 Elizabeth Davis November 11, 2012 Bettye Griffin I am well rounded, independent, and unique. I believe that being well rounded means that you are not just one way or another. It means you have a little bit of every thing. I think that independent means for a person to be out on their own in life. It means to be able to take care of them selves in life, along with other people. I am independent not interdependent. I do not rely on others for any thing. Meaning I do not get help with bills, money, school, child, car, or any other aspect in life. Interdependent means you get help from others or depend on other to do things for you.I think that self serving bias is some thing that every one has to some degree or another. I think that it is a bias opinion that enhances or widens your ego or self esteem. For me I am self bias towards my self in the fact that I am a very vain person. I believe I am very attractive meaning my self esteem is great about how I look when others are arou nd. Locus of control theory is where people believe that they can control events that can affect them. External locus of control is a person that believes the whole world is out to get them, luck does exist, and that life is unfair.Internal locus of control is when a person has feelings of being responsible for the outcomes that happen in their lives. I know that confirmation bias is where a person has a tendency to favor information that goes along with their own beliefs. A person does this by gathering or when they remember information by picking out pieces of it. I think then that confirmation bias is some thing that we all do. I know for my self I have selective hearing. With this I pick out what I want to hear from a conversation, perceive it, and use it how I want to.My experiences that I have had with beliefs generating from their own confirmation have not always ended well. I know that nothing in life will happen exactly how you want it to. I do this all the time and plan ou t how others will react in a certain situation I am always wrong. I know that my behaviors influence my attitude a lot. I simply put my desires and actions first. My attitude or my intention only pushes my desires and actions further. Our text did suggest that there are several ways that genetics influence gender identity. My gender identity is influenced by my genetics because I was raised by my great grand parents.This means I am more apt to take on the old fashioned ways or believing in what a woman should act or be. I think that my gender identity has been shaped by the environment that I was raised in. I think that some evidence to support this would be that I do believe that me as a woman should do the cooking and cleaning. A woman should be married to one man in her life. A woman place in the world is behind her man. A woman must be able to do what a man does and work as hard as they can. I think that now in life that I am not at a great risk of conforming.I know that growing up at one point or another I was influenced to conform to a great many different aspects of life. I am stable in who I am and what I am today. I think as a person grows older in life it is harder to sway to conformity. I just don’t feel the need to impress or to be or act like some thing I am not. I have always had a hard time with both authority and also obedience. I think that in my opinion they go hand and hand with each other. I think that fear of authority or the stubbornness of just not wanting to both has a clear view of why the obedience will then not look.I think that the foot in the door technique has had a lot of influence on me doing things in my life. I think the biggest foot in the door was when I was younger and with my friends. When I would hang with them and they would start to do some thing illegal or dangerous. That means I would have a choice of walking away or since I am all ready there so why not concept. Oh, of course I have used the foot in the door t echnique on others. This is used in peer pressure situations when some one does not want to do some thing but convince them to using the foot in the door.I think that when I am in the presence of others I am very stand back and watch kind of person. I like to take in what is going on around me. I think that with or around others I know that I act with respect and honesty. When alcohol is involved that bearer that was there to just sit, watch, and be kind of shy is lost. When that is gone I am just full of confidence and the life of every one else around me. I know that no matter what group project that you get your self in to that there will always be some kind of social leafing.I volunteer at our church a lot, and at the veterans hall we work in groups and there is always one or two people who I have to pick up the slack from, because they refuse to help in any way. I don’t think that it will get any better in the future. I don’t think that it will because I can not c hange other people and how they see life. Only that person can make the conscious decision to change is them selves. I believe that Deindividuation is a concept that is mostly thought of as one loosing their self awareness in other groups.I think that deindividuation is where people sway into other groups other than what they would usually. It is acting different in a group than you would usually, that would be completely out of character for you. People that are in groups over time lose their own self awareness and self restraint because of the group they are in. At this point they would loose their own self as an individual and become more like the others. I think that people whom are in groups would do things that they would not on the account that the person would then be less responsible for their own actions.I think that I was influenced and have gotten in a lot of trouble in the past because of deindividuated presence of other people. I am not now though taken over in any gro up nor do I want to be my life is fine with out getting in trouble. I think that there are many different levels that a person can be attracted to another person. I think that at first it is the attraction of what a person looks like. I think that personal things you have in common helps. I also think that being around a person for long time will increase the chance of being attracted to one another.There is so many things that can make a person attractive to me. I do know that the preference at attractiveness is different between each person. I think that there are many things that you can do to help sustain relationships. Here are some of the things that I do to help sustain a relationship is trust, compassion, compromise, and respect. I think that all of these are needed to have a healthy relationship. I think that trust is big to be able to feel at ease. Compassion is needed for your self the most to put it into the relation ship, and also to be healthy for you to have compassio n towards other things in life.I would say that compromise is like picking your battles. This would come along with talking to your partner. I would also say that to have respect is both for your self as well as the other person. When I have to resolve a conflict there is just a few things that I do to help with this. I first pick a time to talk about it. I make sure not to go into talking about it when I am angry or mad. I would also take into consideration to bring in an out side party to monitor the conflict, if we can not come to a compromise or agreement about the conflict.I am glad that this class has opened my eyes to so many different views and ideas of what I need to take a look at in life. I think that it is good to know what the things are that centers around who I am and also why I am that way. I think that I have been able to change some of my views and ways from what I have learned in this class. Although, I do know that even though this class has made me aware of some of my actions and beliefs, that I am just not ready to take control of and change. It has also made me aware of why others act in the way they do.I will not be so judgmental of certain behaviors or actions in the future. I am more aware of the world around me, including my self and other people who I choose to surround my life around. I loved what this class has taught me and will keep it with me in my mind and thoughts for ever. I wish that other people would take vane and learn why things are what they are. To find reason for behaviors this makes it so that maybe some time knowing why will become action to change to some thing better.

Effectiveness Ultrasound Tens Osteoarthritis Knee Health And Social Care Essay

Knee degenerative arthritis is perceived as the most common and unsafe degenerative arthritis. Besides, this is referred to as the most common cause of disablement in the United States of America, ( Eustice 2008 ) . Knee degenerative arthritis is a state of affairs consequential from weakening of articular gristle. Articular gristle is the soft coating whose intent is to cover the terminal of the leg castanetss where they convene underneath the articular gristle called Subchondral bone. Research has identified that articular gristle deteriorates due to a figure of factors including but non limited to ; old articulatio genus hurt, insistent strain on the articulatio genus, breaks, ligament tear, and muscular hurt which can impact alliance and promote wear and tear. Geneticss which make some people more likely to develop articulatio genus degenerative arthritis and jobs with subchondral borne or the bone bed underneath gristle. Research besides unfolds that of articulatio genus degenerative arthritis develops bit by bit and its symptoms include ; hurting which is moderate, mild or terrible, stiffness, limited scope of gesture in the articulatio genus and localised puffiness. Most research findings indicate that articulatio genus degenerative arthritis can non be cured but that there are interventions available which can be applied to pull off cut down the symptoms. These reportedly include ; medicines with Datril, non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and opioid analgetic medicines availed to those who need strong stronger hurting alleviation. Scientists use X raies to name knee OA is said to be the lone particular trial required in most instances. Trans-ceutaneous nervus stimulation or curative ultrasound ( US ) has been discovered to be so reactive in advancing effectivity of exercising on hurting, map, musculus strength and quality of life for articulatio genus degenerative arthritis. Research by pupils in United States of America unfold that 40 five patients with the articulatio genus OA diagnosing were consecutive divided into three random groups. Those in the first group were exposed to trans-cutaneous electrical nervus stimulation with superficial heat and exercising ; their opposite numbers in the 2nd group reportedly received ultrasound with superficial heat and exercising ; Group three acted as controls ( ace heat and exercising ) . Research unfolds that result steps were so included as ocular parallel graduated table, a 20 metre walking trial ; lequesne index, WOMAC shops ; isokinetic musculus proving. After this, in all intervention groups, physical modes were reportedly carried out for 15 Sessionss. Treatment groups were subjected to six hebdomads of exercising plan. FOCUSED CLINICAL Question: Does trans-cutaneous electrical nervus stimulation or curative or extremist sound addition the effectivity of exercising for articulatio genus degenerative arthritis? SUMMARY OF SEARCH: ‘Best Evidence ‘ appraised, and Key Findingss: Two articles were selected to supply best grounds about the subject. The first article is by Vladimir ( 2010 ) and it describes TENS as one of the most normally used electro analgesia and that 100s of clinical studies exist refering the usage of TENS for assorted types of conditions including that of Osteoarthritis. However, the really article unfolds failings involved in utilizing TENS and these include: It should non be used in patients with a pacesetter particularly of the demand type. Should non be used during gestation because it may bring on premature labour TENS is non applicable to carotid fistulas due to hazards of acute hypotension through a vasovagal physiological reaction. It should non be placed over anterior cervix because laryngospasm due to laryngeal musculus contraction may happen The electrodes should non be placed in an country of centripetal damage like in instances of nervus lesions, neuropathies ) where possibility of Burnss exist and TENS unit should be used carefully in patients with spinal cord stimulator or an intrathecal pump The 2nd article was extracted from plants of Brims ( 2009 ) who identified that much as TENS is good in alleviating hurting, it has some inauspicious effects among which are a possibility to go addicted in that it, a patient will hold to make more of the TENS in order to acquire to the same status. As an observation made, it has been identified that TENS is one and in fact the extremely recommended no medicative hurting alleviating agent of the musculuss non merely of the OA but even in the back hurting. At the same clip, it has been identified that TENS has got short approachs which I believe are in most instances ignored by doctors though obvious to them. If the usage of TENS does merely reduces pain but does non end or retard the acceleration of hurting to the extent that the expiration of application of TENS is the recommencement to further hurting, so it would non be recommended. Alternatively, it would be easier to use other agencies like articulatio genus replacing or any other possible options besides TENS and this would enable a patient to acquire alleviation from patronizing TENS and US activities. CLINICAL BOTTOM LINE: All the research findings identified show that articulatio genus degenerative arthritis is a strong infection without any agencies of remedy. However research findings merely identify that the status of a patient with Knee degenerative arthritis can merely be improved through usage of assorted drugs including but non limited to non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs among many other drugs and application of trans-cutaneous electrical stimulation. On the same note, Brims ( 2009 ) identifies that taking pain medicine sums to decrease of the hurting but can be habit-forming and will construct up a tolerance in one ‘s system implying that a patient needs to take an increasing sum of the hurting medicine in order to acquire the same consequence. Pain medicine is said to extinguish hurting but is besides said to be impermanent and hence can hold negative long term effects. Cortsone trunkss can be every effectual at relieving the hurting brought approximately by terrible articulatio ge nus degenerative arthritis but it is said to merely be a impermanent hole and that the consequence will decline as conditions wear out. SEARCH STRATEGY: Footings used to steer Search Strategy: aˆ? Ultrasound which is referred to as a process that uses high frequence sound waves to see internal variety meats and produce images of a human organic structure ( Nucleus medical art 2011 ) aˆ? Trans-cutaneous electrical stimulation ; aˆ? Knee degenerative arthritis which is a status ensuing from impairment of articular gristle aˆ? The causes of articulatio genus degenerative arthritis. These can be traced from the causes of impairment in the articular gristle which include but non limited to old articulatio genus hurts and insistent articulatio genus strivings The effectivity of ultrasound and trans-cutaneous electrical stimulation in bettering articulatio genus degenerative arthritis as taken from a consideration of a randomized survey by Eyigor s. demoing how the effectivity of exercising for articulatio genus degenerative arthritis can be increased by trans-cutaneous electrical stimulation and ultrasound The difference between bettering articulatio genus degenerative arthritis hurting and bring arounding articulatio genus degenerative arthritis ; Harmonizing to research findings accessed, knee osteoarthritis hurting can be improved but non healed. The gradual procedure that is said to take to knee degenerative arthritis must be perceived as a non idiot able status in that when a simple break develops into articulatio genus degenerative arthritis, there are no opportunities of retrieving from the complication. Table 1: Databases and sites searched Search Footings Limits used Osteoarthritis of the knee-orthogate-improving orthopedic attention Eustice ( 2008 ) Knee degenerative arthritis, what you need to cognize Daniel Sims ( 2009 ) Severe knee osteoarthritis-ways to cut down the hurting Eyig, et Al. ( 2005 ) the best exercising to better conditions of patients with OA Vladimir ( 2010 ) , the significance of TENS and its penetrations Watders ( 2006 ) Immediate reactions in utilizing TENS to a patient INCLUSION and EXCLUSION CRITERIA aˆ? Inclusion: The extent to which trans-cutaneous electrical stimulation and ultrasound can be helpful in bettering the status of a patient with articulatio genus degenerative arthritis compared to other ways of cut downing hurting caused by degenerative arthritis of the articulatio genus. Other inclusions were the symptoms of articulatio genus degenerative arthritis which included hurting, swelling and stiffening of the articulatio genus among others. aˆ? Exclusion: The research ne'er considered other options of covering with knee degenerative arthritis like articulatio genus replacing because it would misdirect the research worker in pull outing the information pertaining to the design of the research RESULTS OF SEARCH There are six relevant surveies obtained for this subject: The survey was designed to research whether TENS is so effectual in bettering the articulatio genus degenerative arthritis infection. The survey was a success holding used the findings of Research by pupils in United States of America who unfold that 40 five patients with the articulatio genus OA diagnosing were consecutive divided into three random groups. Those in the first group were exposed to trans-cutaneous electrical nervus stimulation with superficial heat and exercising ; their opposite numbers in the 2nd group reportedly received ultrasound with superficial heat and exercising ; Group three acted as controls ( ace heat and exercising ) . Research unfolds that result steps were so included as ocular parallel graduated table, a 20 metre walking trial ; lequesne index, WOMAC shops ; isokinetic musculus proving. Following this, in each and every one of the intervention groups, physical modes were allegedly conducted for 15 Sessionss. Treatment groups were subjected to six hebdo mads of exercising plan. These findings were compared with findings by other research workers about TENS which had unfavorable judgments unveiling that TENS was non perfect as it hard some inauspicious long-run effects Best Evidence: The undermentioned study/papers were identified as the ‘best ‘ grounds and selected for critical assessment ; Daniel Brims ( 2009 ) , Carol Eustice ( 2008 ) and Traits & A ; Mosey ( 2008 ) . Reasons for choosing these surveies were: All the four were relevant to the research. All the four documents had intimations on the relationship between TENS and Osteoarthritis knee hurting to the extent that one of them ( for Brims ) hard a photographic position of the job that was studied One of the surveies included a instance of patients who were tested with TENS to detect its effectivity and others had information sing the pros and cons of utilizing TENS All the articles were reviewed and recommended for public usage. SUMMARY OF BEST Evidence: Table 3: Description and assessment of: 1. Daniel Sims ( 2009 ) Severe knee Osteoarthritis-Ways to cut down the hurting 2. C. Eustice ( 2008 ) Knee Osteoarthritis What you need to cognize 3. Traits & A ; Mosey ( 2008 ) Effectiveness of TENS and OA. Aim/Objective of the Study/Systematic Review: 1. The purpose of this survey was to happen out whether extremist sound and trans-cutaneous electrical stimulation can better esteoarthritis articulatio genus hurting 2. The aim was to analyse the research findings about the effectivity of extremist sound and trans-cutaneous electrical stimulation in relation to betterment in degenerative arthritis articulatio genus hurting by different research workers. Study Design ( including scenes and participants ) : The survey design was a success holding used the findings of Research by pupils in United States of America who unfold that 40 five patients with the articulatio genus OA diagnosing were consecutive divided into three random groups. Those in the first group were exposed to trans-cutaneous electrical nervus stimulation with superficial heat and exercising ; their opposite numbers in the 2nd group reportedly received ultrasound with superficial heat and exercising ; Group three acted as controls ( ace heat and exercising ) . Research unfolds that result steps were so included as ocular parallel graduated table, a 20 metre walking trial ; lequesne index, WOMAC shops ; isokinetic musculus testing ; and the short signifier 36. After this, in all intervention groups, physical modes were reportedly carried out for 15 Sessionss. Treatment groups were subjected to six hebdomads of exercising plan. These findings were compared with findings by other research workers about TENS which had unfavo rable judgments unveiling that TENS was non perfect as it hard some inauspicious long-run effects Result MEASURES: 1. When TENS and US are used to better conditions ensuing from Osteoarthritis, a patient improves but does non acquire healed. Harmonizing to some findings accessed, it has been identified that there are long term inauspicious effects alongside the usage of TENS hence TENS was non recognized as a perfect non medicative application towards OA by some writers yet it was recommended by others. 2. The effectivity of TENS was measured from research findings by some pupils which involved three groups of patients upon which TENS was tested and it worked 3. On the other manus, the ineffectualness of TENS was identified holding identified the long-run inauspicious effects alongside it. Consequence: 1. Amidst the surveies the findings accessed, it is difficult to believe that TENS and US can be used to absolutely better hurting of a patient with OA due to the inauspicious effects yet it can non be recommended to reason establishing on the findings that the experiment is good. What is of import nevertheless is to sensitise patients about the pros and cons of utilizing TENS and US so that it becomes their ain enterprises to take on the right place 2. On the other manus, it would be good if the usage of other drugs is promoted AUTHORS ‘ Decision: 1. â€Å" TENS and US can work efficaciously if done addictively but at the same clip it is good to educate the patients about the pros and cons of utilizing TENS and US before their application Critical Appraisal: ( Validity ) 1. Based on the experimnt by Eustice ( 2008 ) Trans-cutaneous electrical stimulation and ultrasound are so powerful in bettering the conditions of a patient with OA hurting However harmonizing to Daniel Sims, TENS should be applied sing the side long-run inauspicious effects? INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS: Comparing Eusten ‘s and Brims ‘ assertations and findings, the usage of Trans-cutaneous electrical stimulation should be to the right people, in appropriate conditions and establishing on right determinations Execution FOR PRACTICE: The deductions of the surveies and findings indicate that TENS being a powerful no medicative hurting stand-in can be used but the usage of drugs could be the top most precedence.

Discrimination Model of Supervision Essay

School counseling is a complex and demanding component of the counseling profession. With an increase of social and emotional stressors, children and youth of today face numerous challenges. These challenges ultimately affect children in school. With an increase of suicides, drug abuse, gang involvement, and violence amongst youth, a high demand for school counseling supervision is needed (Henderson, 1994). Parents and teachers often turn to school counselors for guidance in helping troubled youth. Effective supervision is a benefit for novice as well as experienced school counselors. However, there is a lack of supervision in school counseling in comparison to clinical counseling (Wood & Rayle, 2006). Duties of school counselors have increasingly become much more vast due to cost reduction in education, retirement, increase in student enrollment, and an increase in societal issues such as the economic recession. Many novice and experienced school counselors are facing many more problems in the schools today than ever before. The lack of qualified supervision provided to school counselors force those in the profession to rely on self judgment, consultation, and having ethical knowledge about certain situations that may arise (Henderson, 1994). A study conducted by Wiggins (1993) found â€Å"more than 28% of the total group of experienced counselor participants were independently rated as low in effectiveness, 10 years previously, they were still rated in that manner and still employed as counselors† (p. 382). This study reinforced the urgency in the need for supervision for school counselors. If an effective supervision model was put in place, surely after 10 years, an improvement in performance by these experienced counselors would have been documented. According Herlihy and Corey (1996), the ACA Code of Ethics stated school  counselors have a responsibility to monitor their effectiveness, seeking supervision when appropriate. Despite this mandate, an enormous majority of professional school counselors are not involved in any clinical supervision once they are employed as a school counselor. Luke and Bernard (2006) proposed â€Å"using a 3 (focus of supervision) x 3 (supervisor role) x 4 (CSCP domain) matrix for an effective school counseling supervision model which is described as an extension of Bernard’s (1979, 1997) Discrimination Model† (p. 283). The discrimination model was initially created as a teaching model for use with apprentice supervisors. It is a theoretical model and is based on technical eclecticism. The discrimination model focuses on three separate foci of the supervisee’s competence: intervention skills; conceptualization skills; and personalization skills. Three supervisory roles are also a focus: teacher, counselor and consultant (Ladany & Bradley, 2010). The school counselor model of supervision with the discrimination model is the chosen model employed for my school counselor supervision practice. Intervention, conceptualization, and personalization skills are the three identified areas of focus (Ladany & Bradley, 2010). Intervention skills are the observable counselor behaviors and activities that the supervisee utilizes in the counseling relationship. Such skills are described as everything from a simple head nod, greeting of the client, to how the supervisee utilizes empathy and other counseling skills. The next area of focus, conceptualization skills include the counselor’s ability to choose an appropriate intervention, to make sense of what a client is presenting, to find and organize client themes, and to establish process and outcome goals. Finally, personalization skills are observed by the supervisor and focus on the individuality of the supervisee. Personalization skills include the personal style and chosen theoretical approach to counseling by the trainee, which includes personality, cultural background, countertransference, and the connection with clients served (Ladany & Bradley, 2010). Although some conceptualization and personalization skills may be observed directly, they are more often interpreted by the supervisor and initially require discourse between counselor and supervisor to become clear (Luke & Bernard, 2006). The supervisor’s roles consist of three areas of focal point. They include that of a teacher, counselor, and consultant. The role of a teacher by the supervisor includes the supervisor providing instruction, modeling, giving feedback, and conducting evaluation to assist the trainee in developing growth (Ladany & Bradley, 2010). The supervisor employing the role of a counselor involves the supervisor asking supervisees to reflect on an activity, on their thoughts, or on their internal reality. When supervisors adopt this role, they are not telling supervisees how to proceed; rather, they are assisting the supervisee to take advantage of a critical moment for reflection (Luke & Bernard, 2006). Lastly the supervisor serves as a consultant. In this role the supervisor and supervisee collaborate and share responsibility for the supervisee’s growth. The supervisor acts as a resource and encourages the supervisee to trust their own thoughts, insights, and feelings in their work (Luke & Bernard, 2006). The extension of the discrimination model to better adapt to the needs of school counseling supervision incorporates four domains: large group guidance; responsive counseling and consultation; individual advisement; and programmatic planning, coordination, and evaluation, also known as systems support (Gysbers & Henderson, 2001). These four domains are identified by the American School Counselor Association as the key components of an effective comprehensive school counseling program. Implementation of the discrimination model of supervision begins with the incorporation of the four domains of the comprehensive school counseling program. First, the supervisor identifies which of the four domains or a combination of domains will be the focus of supervision. When examining the three major areas of focus of the discrimination model, an additional set of skills are reviewed as it relates to intervention, conceptualization, and personalization skills (Luke & Bernard, 2006). When observing the use of intervention skills in counseling and consultation; classroom guidance skills, conduction of a needs assessment, and the ability to coordinate initiatives for staff would be additional focus during supervision. Similarly, conceptualization skills would include the supervisee’s  understanding of the relationship among various activities conducted by school counselors, planning a school wide function, deciding which components would be most helpful for a career day, developing a plan for evaluation of services, and choosing a developmentally appropriate classroom intervention. Finally, supervisee personalization skills would include how novice school counselors conduct themselves in a variety of contexts that is not limited to just individual counseling, such as leading large groups and asserting themselves in advocacy situations (Luke & Bernard, 2006). The implementation of the discrimination model of supervision in a school setting for novice school counselors mirrors the same frame work that is used for supervising clinical work but extends the focus of supervision to include the intervention, conceptualization, and personalization skills that relate directly to the four dimensions of a successful comprehensive school counseling program. Supervisors’ roles also expand using the discrimination model of supervision in school counseling. Supervisors use the four dimensions of the comprehensive school counseling program to assist with the development in particular skills not only in counseling interventions but also in advising sessions and negotiations with parents and school administrators. Supervisors assist supervisees in reflections and feelings about district-sponsored mandated programs and how these thoughts and feelings impact their performance (Luke & Bernard, 2006). Supervisors utilize all roles as teacher, counselor, and consultant and may need to change focus depending on the intervention and skills being developed. In conclusion, this extension of the discrimination model of supervision for school counselors prove to provide beneficial guidance and assistance to novice school counselor professionals. This model of supervision helps to combine the counseling and therapy focus seen mostly in clinical supervision with the requirements of school counseling skills needed to operate an effective comprehensive school counseling program. References Gysbers, N. & Henderson, P. (2001). Comprehensive guidance and counseling programs: A rich history and a bright future. Professional School Counseling, 4, 246-256. Henderson, P. (1994). Supervision of school counselors. ERIC Digest. Retrieved from ERIC Database. (ED372353). Herlihy, B. & Corey, G. (1996). ACA ethical standards casebook 5th ed. Alexandria, VA: American Counseling Association. Ladany, N. & Bradley, L. (2010). Counselor supervision 4th ed. New York, NY: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group. Luke, M. & Bernard, J. (2006). The school counseling supervision model: An extension of the discrimination model. Counselor Education and Supervision, 46(4), 282-295. Wiggins, J. D. (1993). A 10-year follow-up of counselors rated high, average, or low in effectiveness. The School Counselor, 40, 380-383. Wood, C. & Rayle, A. (2006). A model of school counseling supervision: The goals, functions, roles, and systems model. Counselor Education & Supervision, 45(4), 253-266.

LA Heroic Essay

Take Percy Jackson, a fictional character from The Lightning Thief for example. He went on a dangerous quest and risked his life to save his mother. Throughout his journey he saved many others along the way, an example is that he saved a family on the arch from a chimera by jumping into the river below not knowing whether he would survive the jump or not. He also protected his friend from the Minotaur by jumping on its back and breaking of its horn then stabbing it with its own horn. Percy made a cautious choice and an act of selflessness in all three occasions.He values his mom and his friend's life over his own because of love. He sacrifices his life for the family because of altruism. Percy demonstrated the character of a hero. Yes, it is easy for Percy Jackson to perform one heroic act after another through a stroke Of a pen. However, the characteristic of heroism does not change between fictional and non-fictional situation. Take Walter Leers, a real life hero for example. He se rved in the army during WWW II. He was awarded the Medal of Honor for risking his life to protect his squad.He single handedly took out two machine gun nests and seven enemy soldiers. Leers also risked his life drawing enemy fire so his men could escape; he took a sniper bullet through his side, which went through his rib and backpack during the process. Walter Leers chose to risk himself for the lives of many so that the nation can enjoy the freedom that so many heroes have fought and given their lives to protect. Walter acted on a decision of self-sacrifice to protect his squad. As mentioned earlier, heroism comes in all forms and ages.Tyler Donna is an example of such. Tyler Donna, an 8-year-old who rescued six relatives from a fire including two younger children. But he died trying to save his disabled grandfather. Even though his aunt was holding him back, he broke free from her grip and went back into the blazing fire just so he could save his grandfather. He even called 911 r ight away when he saw the fire, he did everything he could do to make sure everyone was okay and ended up dying trying to save everyone. Tyler did not need a cape or super power to do what he did.All it took was his courage to make the choice that he thought was worth his life. So what is the meaning of hero? Walter Leers and Tyler Donna symbolize the meaning of hero. Their courage to choose and act selflessly for the betterment of the greater good surround us every day and everywhere; from the firefighters, to the soldiers, to the scientists and to those who work tirelessly behind the scene making that very same decision to dedicate their life to the greater good, live and breath the meaning of a hero. Work Cited Fayette, Chris.

Benefits of Community involvement in Construction Literature review

Benefits of Community involvement in Construction - Literature review Example Findings from past studies on community participation have sometimes been applied in a wide range of service sections and types of settlement. It is, therefore, important obtain clarity in such findings. The following sections will look into an overview of community involvement and the findings from previous studies in relation to the effects of community involvement on construction projects and similar developments. Community Participation: An Overview A community’s conceptualization differs between projects, sectors, and regions (Memon, 2004). Typically, a community can be classified in terms of their administrative, social, and resource attributes. For example, legal communities refer to those that have been recognized by the local government, distinguishing a chain of command and arranging laws and codes in terms of political structures. The community members themselves are referred to as the social communities that signify the differentiation between the population based on social, cultural, and economic norms, such as farmers, traders, or local administrators. Finally, geographical communities can be defined by their planning terms as well as natural features and resources, recognizing communal interests (Kumar, 2005). Types of participation with which community members are actively involved in a particular activity can be classified into a number of forms. Passive participation refers to the type of involvement where in individuals who live within the project area participate by being told of future plans or current developments; other than this, they will not have any other contribution. Participation for material incentive is a type of involvement wherein individuals participate because they are paid by food or cash in exchange for their labor in a pre-determined project (Joshi and Moore, 2004). These individuals can also participate by offering a resource, including money or labor, to the set project, thus participation by resource contribution . Next, participation with consultation involves community members being consulted with their ideas and options regarding the decisions that have to be made for the project. Consequently, their views may either be accepted or rejected. People who are involved in interactive participation join external professionals to analyze the given situation; they also help develop action plans and decide for common projects. Finally, spontaneous mobilization enables community members to take their own initiatives that are not influenced by external professionals in order to contribute to the situation. As a result, self-help projects and requests for assistance to other relevant institutions may be carried out. Much of the empirical evidence with regards to the outcomes of projects in which community members are involved in have been based on the research on rural water projects (Prokopy, 2005) as well as from other public service sectors with which participation has been conceptualized as a ty pe of co-production. With this, citizens contribute their input to services which are typically and exclusively generated by public agencies. Support for community involvement has been evident in different sectors and one perceived reason for such is that social change, including the development of new habits and skills, or realizations of the service’